RSMSSB LDC Paper II is entirely in Hindi — it tests grammar (व्याकरण), comprehension, and composition. Most candidates preparing for this paper know the rules in theory but lose marks because they cannot apply them quickly to unfamiliar examples. This guide covers every major grammar topic with the format in which it actually appears in LDC questions.
Sandhi (संधि) — Sound Fusion
Sandhi is the merging of two sounds at the boundary of two words or morphemes. Questions give you a compound word and ask you to identify the Sandhi type or its components.
Swar Sandhi (स्वर संधि) — Vowel + Vowel
| Type | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| दीर्घ संधि | a/aa + a/aa = aa | विद्या + अर्थी = विद्यार्थी |
| गुण संधि | a/aa + i/ii = e; a/aa + u/uu = o | देव + इन्द्र = देवेन्द्र |
| वृद्धि संधि | a/aa + e/ai = ai; a/aa + o/au = au | एक + एक = एकैक |
| यण् संधि | i/ii → y, u/uu → v, ri → r (before dissimilar vowel) | यदि + अपि = यद्यपि |
| अयादि संधि | e → ay, ai → aay, o → av | ने + अन = नयन |
Vyanjan Sandhi (व्यंजन संधि) — Consonant rules
Key rules:
- अनुनासिकीकरण: if t/d before nasal (n/m), it becomes the nasal of its varg — e.g., उत् + नति = उन्नति
- श्चुत्व: s before ch/j becomes sh — e.g., रामस् + च = रामश्च
- ष्टुत्व: s before t-varg becomes sh — e.g., षट् + दर्शन = षड्दर्शन
Visarg Sandhi (विसर्ग संधि)
- Visarg + s/sh/sh → same (अ: + स = अस्)
- Visarg + voiced consonant → o — e.g., मन: + रथ = मनोरथ
- Visarg + a → visarg drops; a remains — e.g., यश: + अभिलाषा = यशोभिलाषा
Exam approach: For Sandhi questions, identify the junction of the two words first. The answer is always about what happens at that exact join point.
Samas (समास) — Compound Words
Samas combines two or more words into one. Questions ask you to identify the type or break a compound word (विग्रह) into its components.
| Samas | Definition | Example | Vigrah |
|---|---|---|---|
| अव्ययीभाव | First word (mostly avyay) is dominant | यथाशक्ति | शक्ति के अनुसार |
| तत्पुरुष | Second word is dominant; case relation between components | राजमार्ग | राजा का मार्ग |
| कर्मधारय | Adjective-noun or noun-noun (same case, appositional) | नीलकमल | नीला है जो कमल |
| द्विगु | First word is a number; whole = collection | त्रिभुज | तीन भुजाओं का समूह |
| द्वंद्व | Both words equal, joined by "and" | माता-पिता | माता और पिता |
| बहुव्रीहि | Neither word dominant; describes a third entity | लम्बोदर | लम्बा है उदर जिसका (= Ganesh) |
Common confusion: कर्मधारय vs बहुव्रीहि. In कर्मधारय, the compound refers to the noun itself (नीलकमल = a blue lotus). In बहुव्रीहि, the compound refers to a third entity (नीलकंठ = one whose throat is blue = Shiva, not a blue throat).
Muhavare (मुहावरे) — Idioms
Muhavare are fixed phrases with a meaning different from the literal. Questions ask for the correct meaning or use in a sentence.
| मुहावरा | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| आँखें चुराना | avoid someone / feel guilty |
| कान भरना | to instigate someone against another |
| नाक में दम करना | to pester / irritate |
| हाथ मलना | to regret a missed opportunity |
| मुँह में पानी आना | to feel tempted / mouth-watering |
| घाव पर नमक छिड़कना | to make someone's pain worse |
| टेढ़ी खीर होना | to be a very difficult task |
| दाल में काला होना | to be something suspicious |
| अपना उल्लू सीधा करना | to serve one's own interests |
| खिसकना | to sneak away quietly |
Tip: Muhavare questions in LDC typically give 4 meanings and ask which one is correct. Focus on the idioms involving body parts (आँख, कान, नाक, हाथ, मुँह) — these appear most frequently.
Ras (रस) — Poetic Sentiment
Ras is the emotional essence of a literary work. There are 9 main Ras (नवरस):
| रस | स्थायी भाव | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| श्रृंगार | रति (love) | प्रेम kavya |
| हास्य | हास (laughter) | comedy |
| करुण | शोक (grief) | tragedy, separation |
| रौद्र | क्रोध (anger) | battle fury |
| वीर | उत्साह (enthusiasm) | heroic deeds |
| भयानक | भय (fear) | horror |
| बीभत्स | जुगुप्सा (disgust) | repulsive scenes |
| अद्भुत | विस्मय (wonder) | supernatural/amazing events |
| शान्त | निर्वेद (detachment) | renunciation, peace |
A 10th Ras — वात्सल्य (parental love) — is recognised by later scholars.
Alankar (अलंकार) — Figures of Speech
Two main categories:
शब्दालंकार (sound-based):
- अनुप्रास: repetition of consonant sounds — "तरनि तनूजा तट तमाल तरुवर बहु छाये"
- यमक: same word used twice with different meanings
- श्लेष: one word with multiple meanings simultaneously
अर्थालंकार (meaning-based):
- उपमा: direct comparison using words like जैसा, सा, सम, तुल्य — "मुख चन्द्रमा के समान है"
- रूपक: identification (no "like") — "मुख चन्द्रमा है"
- उत्प्रेक्षा: imagination/supposition using मानो, जनु, जैसे — "मानो मुख चन्द्रमा है"
- अतिशयोक्ति: extreme exaggeration
Karak (कारक) — Case Markers
8 Karakas with their vibhakti (case suffixes):
| कारक | प्रश्न | विभक्ति | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|---|
| कर्ता (subject) | कौन? | ने | राम ने खाया |
| कर्म (object) | किसे/क्या? | को | राम ने सेब को खाया |
| करण (instrument) | किससे? | से | कलम से लिखा |
| सम्प्रदान (recipient) | किसके लिए? | को/के लिए | गरीब को दान दिया |
| अपादान (separation) | किससे अलग? | से | पेड़ से पत्ता गिरा |
| सम्बन्ध (possession) | किसका? | का/के/की | राम का घर |
| अधिकरण (location) | कहाँ/कब? | में/पर | मेज पर रखा |
| सम्बोधन (address) | — | हे/अरे/ओ | हे राम! |
Shabd Bhed — Word Types by Origin (शब्द भेद)
| प्रकार | परिभाषा | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| तत्सम | Sanskrit word unchanged in Hindi | कर्म, पुष्प, अग्नि |
| तद्भव | Sanskrit-derived but sound-changed | काम, फूल, आग |
| देशज | Native/regional, non-Sanskrit origin | थैला, लोटा, पेट |
| विदेशी | Foreign origin | स्कूल (English), कैंची (Turkish), बाज़ार (Persian) |
Common tatsam-tadbhav pairs frequently tested:
| तत्सम | तद्भव |
|---|---|
| कर्म | काम |
| सर्प | साँप |
| दुग्ध | दूध |
| नयन | नैन |
| पुत्र | पूत |
| वायु | बाय |
| हस्त | हाथ |
| दन्त | दाँत |
Quick Reference — Exam Focus
| Topic | What examiners ask |
|---|---|
| Sandhi | Identify type OR break into components |
| Samas | Identify type OR write vigrah |
| Muhavare | Select correct meaning from 4 options |
| Ras | Identify ras from a passage excerpt |
| Alankar | Name the alankar in a given line |
| Karak | Identify the karak/vibhakti underlined |
| Tatsam-Tadbhav | Match or identify which is which |
Practise Hindi GK and grammar MCQs with bilingual explanations.
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